Vactrain technology has been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation. Overcoming drag, which makes all open-air land transport more energy intensive at higher speeds, takes the most energy. The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of the overall energy consumption of a high-speed maglev system. Maglev vehicles have set several speed records, and maglev trains can accelerate and decelerate much faster than conventional trains the only practical limitation is the safety and comfort of the passengers, although wind resistance at very high speeds can cause running costs that are four to five times that of conventional high-speed rail (such as the Tokaido Shinkansen). Maglev trains can therefore in some cases be quieter and smoother than conventional trains and have the potential for much higher speeds. This compares with electric multiple units that may have several dozen parts per bogie. While the propulsion and levitation require no moving parts, the bogies can move in relation to the main body of the vehicle and some technologies require support by retractable wheels at low speeds under 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph). With maglev technology, the train travels along a guideway of electromagnets which control the train's stability and speed. There are both high speed, intercity maglev systems (over 400 kilometres per hour or 250 miles per hour), and low speed, urban maglev systems (80–200 kilometres per hour or 50–124 miles per hour) being built and under construction and development. Such trains rise approximately 10 centimetres (4 in) off the track. Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation), is a system of train transportation that uses two sets of electromagnets: one set to repel and push the train up off the track, and another set to move the elevated train ahead, taking advantage of the lack of friction. In August 1961, Popular Science reported on the Aeromobile 35B, an air-cushion vehicle (ACV) that was invented by William Bertelsen and was envisioned to revolutionise the transportation system, with personal hovering self-driving cars that could speed up to 1,500 mph (2,400 km/h).Example of low-speed urban maglev system, Linimo While technically a success, the whole project was dropped due to financial constraints. The Levicar was very light and when raised off its guide rail by the magnetic it only required a blower in the back to propel it. The car was designed to be levitated by magnets, and was intended to be developed for high-speed transportation systems. It was a one-person, small in a modern sense, car propelled by maglev. In 1959, Ford displayed the concept car Leva car. Kucher, Ford’s vice president in charge of Engineering and Research noting "We look upon Glide-air as a new form of high-speed land transportation, probably in the field of rail surface travel, for fast trips of distances of up to about 1,000 miles (1,600 km)". An article in Modern Mechanix quoted Andrew A. In April 1958, Ford engineers demonstrated the Glide-air, a three-foot (one-metre) model of a wheelless vehicle that speeds on a thin film of air only 3⁄ 1000 of an inch (76.2 µm) above its table top roadbed. 2.1 In science fiction films and television.1 Real-world efforts to build hover cars.The closest real-world devices are the hovercraft, which elevates itself above a water or level hard surface using a cushion of air retained by a flexible skirt, and the hovertrain, which is a type of high-speed train that replaces conventional steel wheels with hovercraft lift pads, and the conventional railway bed with a paved road-like surface, known as the "track" or "guideway". The capability of hovering above the ground eliminates the need for tires, and unlike an air-cushion vehicle, it does not produce a dust cloud. Other works feature vehicles that hover by having magnetic plates lined along roads, operating in a similar principle to Maglev. In science fiction, it is usually capable of elevating itself some distance from the ground through some repulsion technology, presumably exploiting some short range anti-gravity principle so as to eliminate most friction forces which act against conventional vehicles. It usually appears in works of science fiction. A hover car is a personal vehicle that flies at a constant altitude of up to few meters (some feet) above the ground and used for personal transportation in the same way a modern automobile is employed.
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